第一部分：英译汉（50分）

All around the world, governments are building more solar parks, wind farms and hydroelectric power plants to generate power. As global warming and climate change continue to take centre stage, which countries are leading in generating power through renewable energy? And what are the challenges preventing mass adoption?

In 2018, more than a quarter of the world’s energy was generated from renewable sources, thanks to costs coming down and more green policies taking off.

Renewable energy can come from many sources. The most common are solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and hydropower.

In sunny Singapore, solar power would seem like the natural fit. So, what’s preventing its mass adoption? Well, it’s not that straightforward. For one, the unpredictable cloud cover over the tiny city-state.

And not all countries have the same potential to harness clean energy or the right environment for certain energy infrastructure. Let’s take a look at who’s leading the energy revolution.

China, the United States, Brazil, India and Germany have the biggest renewable power capacity worldwide, in no small part due to their size. Remove hydropower from the mix and Germany moves up to number three and Japan takes the number five spot. But it’s no coincidence that these six countries also make the list of the world’s biggest energy consumers, meaning that even if they were producing renewable energy at capacity, it still makes up a small proportion of their overall energy mix.

Divide renewable power capacity by the number of people living in the country, and you get a very different mix of countries. Iceland is the world leader, followed by Denmark. Germany and Sweden are tied in the third spot. And Finland rounds out the top five.

But the most telling metric is likely the role of renewables in a country’s overall energy mix. Nordic and Latin American countries have a good showing on this list. More than 75% of Norway, New Zealand, Brazil and Colombia’s energy production comes from renewables. Venezuela, Canada, Sweden and Portugal also make a good showing. But for big oil-producing nations like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the U.A.E and Algeria, renewables are unsurprisingly near non-existent.

But again, not all countries have equal geographies and policies. Think of renewable energy as something bespoke, with each country harnessing the environment according to its unique surroundings.

Norway has 1,660 hydropower plants and more than 1,000 storage reservoirs. It is possible for Norway to depend on hydropower because of the country’s long coastlines, steep valleys and high levels of running water.

In neighbouring Sweden, where forests make up 63% of its land mass, bioenergy is increasingly being used for heating, as well as for electricity production. 11% of its electricity is also derived from around 3,600 wind turbines.

Likewise, in Brazil, which has rivers and huge swathes of the Amazon rainforest within its borders. Clean energy, including hydropower, accounted for 42% of its electricity production in 2017.

Ditto for Colombia and Venezuela, countries known for hydroelectricity.

One famous cautionary tales about over-reliance on one form of renewable energy comes from Venezuela, which depends heavily on the Guri dam for about 60% of the country’s electrical needs. In 2010 and 2016, droughts caused the dam’s water to fall so low the government had to declare emergencies.

So where does the energy race go from here?

Well, an increasing number of countries are recognizing the urgent need to tackle, or slow down climate change. Investing in renewable energy is one of the major steps.

From the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement, an increasing number of signatories are joining international environmental agreements to lower emissions of greenhouse gases. The Paris Agreement brought together 195 nations to tackle climate change in 2015, though it has had a few setbacks since.

President Trump: The United States will withdraw from the Paris Climate Accord. So, we’re getting out. But we will start to negotiate, and we will see if we can make a deal that’s fair.

Other targets include the UN Sustainable Development Goal for Affordable and Clean Energy, which includes increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030.

In the meantime, countries have set unilateral targets as well. More than 60 countries are planning to bring their carbon footprint to zero by 2050, with the European Union aiming to become the first climate-neutral economy.

But most renewable energy sources are still subject to unpredictable forces of nature. Imagine a drought rendering a dam useless and taking out a country’s sole electricity supply, or intermittent energy from wind or solar sources. What then? That’s where innovation and new technologies kick in.

Remember when billionaire Elon Musk tweeted that he would install a battery storage system in South Australia within 100 days, or deliver it for free? The Tesla battery system now holds the title for the largest lithium-ion battery in the world. It can currently store 129 megawatt-hours of energy from wind turbines by renewable power company Neoen. This is enough to meet the needs of 30,000 homes. Now, Neoen has plans to upgrade its capacity by 50% to 150 megawatts.

More localised microgrid systems are already powering remote locations, like these far-flung islands in Southeast Asia, and providing reliable energy storage.

        But to power the world with renewable energy, we’re going to need much more storage than that. 3D printing is seen as a way to reduce the cost of producing solar panels or wind turbines. Ten years ago, the cost of a solar panel installation in the United States was $8.50 per watt. It’s now $2.99 per watt. That’s a 65% decrease. Harvesting kinetic energy is seen as another option, with some already pioneering technology that will transform your footsteps into electricity.

While the world is shifting to renewable energy, economic growth and a growing population mean global energy demand is still increasing. Not only do renewables have to meet the energy demands of today, but also tomorrow.

第二部分：汉译英（50分）

2013“一带一路”倡议提出以来，“一带一路”建设逐渐从理念、倡议、愿景转变为行动、共识和现实，参与国家不断扩大，对世界格局影响深远，有力推进了中国企业“走出去”的步伐。2018 年以来，中国与“一带一路”相关国家投资合作稳步推进，经贸合作不断升温。中国商务部数据显示，2018 年上半年，中国对“一带一路”国家新增 74 亿美元投资，同比增长 12%；在“一带一路”国家建设境外经贸合作区 82 家，新增投资 25.9 亿美元，占中国境外经贸合作区新增总投资的 87%；上缴东道国税费 3 亿美元，占比 71.4%。“一带一路”倡议提出 5 年以来，在顶层设计、重大项目、规划对接、互联互通和企业行动等五个方面取得积极成果。一是顶层设计初步完成，“一带一路”建设成效显著；二是包括蒙内铁路、雅万铁路等一大批重大项目落地；三是范围进一步扩大，已与 140 多个国家和国际组织签署共建“一带一路”协议；四是“一带一路”相关国家企业在电子商务、人文交流等多个领域展开合作，取得成果；五是互联互通不断得到巩固，中国交通运输部公布的数据显示，截至 2018 年 8 月，“中欧班列”开行突破 10000 列，国际道路客货运输线路开通 356条，增加国际航线 403 条，与沿线 43 个国家实现直航，每周约 4500 个直航航班。当前国际社会对“一带一路”建设普遍看好，作为“一带一路”建设金融支撑的亚投行

进一步扩容，从 2015 年建立之初的 57 个成员发展到目前的 87 个。亚投行成立以来，已在13 个国家开展了 28 个项目，并获得 3 家国际评级机构的最高信用评级。根据《国际金融论坛（IFF）中国报告 2018》调研问卷结果显示，92%的“一带一路”国家中央银行预计，未来5 年本国经济增长将受益于“一带一路”建设项目，大多数受访者认为将带动近 1 个百分点的年增长，25%受访者预计将能带动 2—5 个百分点的年增长。此外，上合组织成员国市场也给中国企业对外投资带来重大机遇。2018 年 6 月 9 日到 10日，上海合作组织成员国元首理事会第十八次会议在山东省青岛市举行，国家主席习近平主持会议并出席相关活动。青岛峰会上，各方一致同意要为构建命运共同体加强各方面合作，并取得了五方面的重要成果：

一是上合组织发展有了新规划，给中国企业对外投资创造更大的发展空间。“上合大家庭”的规模越来越大，成员越来越多，各方将进一步发展睦邻友好关系，将共同边界建设成为永久和平友好的边界。

二是安全合作推出新举措，对保障中国企业海外利益具有重要现实意义。青岛峰会批准了打击“三股势力”未来 3 年合作纲要等重要文件，聚焦影响地区安全的主要威胁，符合各方的共同需求，精准发力，切实可行。

三是经济合作注入新动力，投资便利化水平进一步提高。“一带一路”倡议获得越来越广泛的支持，各国发展战略和区域合作倡议对接不断取得新的进展。青岛峰会通过多份务实合作文件，涉及贸易便利化、粮食安全、海关协作等众多领域，分量重、覆盖广，有助于各国间的合作进一步走深走实。

四是人文合作取得新成果，民心相通的社会根基更加牢固。上合组织成员国领导人共同批准了环保合作构想，确立了致力于维护生态平衡、实现绿色和可持续发展的战略目标。此外，各方还商定继续在文化、教育、科技、卫生、旅游、青年、妇女、媒体、体育等领域开展富有成效的合作，为中国服务企业走进上合成员国市场、推进“一带一路”建设开辟了更加广阔的领域。

五是对外交往开辟新局面，政策沟通为中国企业对外投资提供制度保障。上合组织秉持开放平等、包容透明的原则，我们的“朋友圈”不断扩大。青岛峰会不仅有联合国等长期合作伙伴派负责人与会，还首次迎来欧亚经济联盟、国际货币基金组织、世界银行的高级代表。上合组织秘书处还同联合国教科文组织签署了合作文件。这些都反映出，国际社会高度认同上合组织的合作理念，越来越重视上合组织与日俱增的影响力，政策沟通更加顺畅。